Category Archives: Filosofi

Kritik af Russell Brands ønske om socialistik revolution

Efter at have set  set Russell Brands video mangler man svar på, hvad berettigelsen for den massive omfordeling, som han ønsker, er. Det siger Brad ikke rigtigt. Han snakker om udnyttelse af de fattige, men det er jo empirisk bevist, at økonomien ikke er et nulsumsspil. Altså A bliver ikke nødvendigvis udnyttet eller fattigere af, at B er milliardær.

Eller er berettigelsen, at det føles uretfærdigt, at nogle har mere end andre? I så fald bør man huske på Karl Poppers formaning om intuitioner:

“[Intuitions] can never serve to establish the truth of any idea or theory, however strongly somebody may feel that it must be true, or that it is ‘self-evident’. … Someone else may have just as strong an intuition that the same [thing] is false.”

Eller er berettigelsen den, at det er biologisk givet, at ulighed er dårligt? Jeg husker for nogle måneder siden, da mange af mine røde venner sendte en video rundt med aber, der reagerede meget negativt på at være med i et eksperiment, hvor nogle aber fik flere godter end andre. Der er med andre ord et godt case for, at det er biologisk-evolutionært ubehageligt for mange mennesker at opleve, at nogle har mere rigdom end andre. Men som Hume sagde, så kan man jo ikke slutte fra, at tingene er sådan, til at de så bør korrigeres med lovgivning.

Hvis berettigelsen for den massive omfordeling han ønsker sig er, at uretfærdighedsfølelsen er biologisk givet, så er det en instans af den naturalistiske fejlslutning. E.g. der er også folk, for hvem det føles uretfærdigt, at Keith Richards kan komme i seng med en ny kvinde hver dag, og de ikke kan.

Så hvad er egentlig berettigelsen?

Konservatismens facade

Kommentar til ‘Den konservative sag falmer.’

I betragtning af hvor central en idehistorisk pointe det er, så kan det undre, at der ikke er flere, der har sagt det her højt i den offentlige debat: Moderne konservatisme er som en PC, hvor afgørende dele af indmaden er liberal. Maskinen skinner flot udenpå, af både bladguld og rokokopastel, men indeni er computeren fyldt med liberal hardware som frihandel, parlamentarisme, kapitalisme og liberal forfatningspraksis. Selv mange konservative synes uvidende om denne fundamentale gæld til liberalismen. De anklager liberalismen for at være historieløs og udråber gerne sig selv til at være de ‘ægte’ borgerlige. Men de dage, da europæisk-kontinental konservatisme var et decideret alternativ til liberalismen, og ikke blot en æstetisk facade, som skjuler den liberale hardwares rå former og gør helheden blødere at se på, er for længst borte.

Er der så ikke længere brug for konservative? Jo, det er der. Der er brug for den konservative psykologi og temperament. Menneskelig viden er kompleks, samfundet er komplekst. Vi har brug for folk, som er kritiske over for det menneskelige intellekt og for at kaste samfundet ud i gennemgribende eksperimenter, såsom at give en hel generation af skolebørn “ansvar for egen læring,” blot fordi det er fashionabelt på pædagogstudiet. Folk, som ved, at ethvert tiltag, uanset hvor stærkt det ser ud på papiret, snildt kan have en helt anden effekt i virkeligheden. Vi har brug for folk, som forsvarer de normer, som frie mænd og kvinder har indrettet sig efter og fundet værdifulde gennem århundreder. En ægte konservativ skal forsvare civilsamfundet mod statens indgriben og ensretning i det, samtidig med at han har tillid nok til sit lands kultur til, at han ikke vil bruge staten til at tvinge den ned over andre. Dét er de konservatives fornemste opgave.

The ENFP Personality

29 Points Concerning the ENFP Personality Type
Click here to take a free MBTI test.

  1. To onlookers, the ENFP may seem directionless and without purpose, but ENFPs are actually quite consistent, in that they have a strong sense of values which they live with throughout their lives.
  2. ENFPs need to take time alone to center themselves, and make sure they are moving in a direction which is in sync with their values.
  3. Emotional excitement is usually an important part of the ENFP’s life.
  4. Because ENFPs live in the world of exciting possibilities, they see the details of everyday life as trivial drudgery.
  5. Once an ENFP has learned to balance their need to be true to themselves with their need for acceptance, they excel at bringing out the best in others, and are typically well-liked.
  6. Many ENFPs have a basic joy of living.
  7. ENFPs who have not learned to follow through may have a difficult time remaining happy in the workplace.
  8. ENFPs are charming, ingenuous, risk-taking, sensitive, people-oriented individuals with capabilities ranging across a broad spectrum.
  9. An ENFP needs to feel that they are living their lives as their true Self, walking in step with what they believe is right.
  10. ENFPs like excitement in their lives, and are best matched with individuals who are comfortable with change and new experiences.
  11. Having an ENFP parent can be a fun-filled experience, but may be stressful at times for children with strong Sensing or Judging tendancies.
  12. Such children may see the ENFP parent as inconsistent and difficult to understand, as the children are pulled along in the whirlwind of the ENFP.
  13. ENFPs almost always have a strong need to be liked.
  14. ENFPs work best in situations where they have a lot of flexibility, and where they can work with people and ideas.
  15. ENFPs are warm, enthusiastic people, typically very bright and full of potential.
  16. Most ENFPs have great people skills.
  17. They have an exceptional ability to intuitively understand a person after a very short period of time, and use their flexibility to relate to others on their own level.
  18. They are alert and sensitive, constantly scanning their environments.
  19. ENFPs who remain centered will usually be quite successful at their endeavors.
  20. ENFPs may fall into the habit of dropping a project when they become excited about a new possibility, and thus they never achieve the great accomplishments which they are capable of achieving.
  21. ENFPs have an unusually broad range of skills and talents.
  22. Sometimes ENFPs will tend to be “gushy” and insincere, and “overdo” in an effort to win acceptance.
  23. Their enthusiasm lends them the ability to inspire and motivate others, more so than we see in other types.
  24. They live in the world of possibilities, and can become very passionate and excited about things.
  25. An ENFP who has “gone wrong” may be quite manipulative – and very good it.
  26. They are genuinely warm and interested in people, and place great importance on their inter-personal relationships.
  27. They see meaning in everything, and are on a continuous quest to adapt their lives to their inner purpose.
  28. An ENFP needs to focus on following through with their projects.
  29. They place no importance on detailed, maintenance-type tasks, and will frequently remain oblivious to these types of concerns.

28 points about INFJ – Portrait and Description

28 Points Concerning the INFJ Personality Type
Click here to take a free MBTI test.
If you don’t know whether you’re INFJ or INFP, click here to take the INFP or INFJ Test.

  1. INFJs have to find some way to sort out their feelings from the feelings of others – if not in writing or art, then in an expression of religious faith, or the effort to help others to express themselves.
  2. Because INFJs are so alert to the unsaid, they may find it difficult to sort out their own emotions from the mood and feelings they discern in others.
  3. INFJs are exquisitely sensitive to nuance and suggestion – all the ways we unwittingly express how we feel, who we are, what we believe about ourselves and others.
  4. Young INFJs, in particular, are sometimes labeled hyper-sensitive or melodramatic, because their self-experience is tied to others emotional boundaries.
  5. INFJs wrestle all their lives with the conflict they perceive maintaining harmonious relationships and expressing emotional truth, and it is a central issue in the books, novels, plays, and psychological articles that INFJs write.
  6. INFJs are also capable of turning their inner experience into trenchant social commentary – by finding their truest voice and using it.
  7. Their personal approach and ability to find common ground with others combines with their intuitive need for innovation and alternative views.
  8. Like INTJs, INFJs have a tendency to use their secondary function for protection – for example, to distance themselves from a relationship that demands too much of them emotionally.
  9. Optimally, they bring their emotional insights into the community as art, or they use them to help others come to terms with conflict in their own lives.
  10. The INFJs sense of physical well-being is very much allied with their relationships and emotional investments.
  11. INFJs frequently express themselves indirectly, depending on unstated implications to carry their meaning, and they can be put off by too direct a reference to something that is of great value to them.
  12. Types who do this can become a potent focal point for others’ unexpressed fears and yearnings.
  13. They often have a gift for verbal imagery and they are sometimes capable of raising to consciousness something that others can only dimly sense.
  14. They are particularly sensitive to others’ feelings of exclusion, and they may address or try to rectify inequities of status or opportunity within the context of their profession.
  15. However, if their inner life is not balanced with reality, they may feel so different from others that they become self-conscious and defensive.
  16. INFJs require a sense of meaning in the work they do.
  17. Their primary relationship is to their inner world, and they are receptive to others only up to a point.
  18. It should be recognized that INFJs and more like INTJs than they initially appear.
  19. Unlike INTJs however, their sense of the unexpressed is oriented by emotional awareness.
  20. They may be drawn to dysfunctional people, romanticizing their ability to see something in them that others cannot see.
  21. Their 1 percent representation in the population belies the tremendous influence these types have in shaping cultural ideas about identity and being true to oneself.
  22. When they are able to use their Extroverted Feeling function well, they bring their vision back into the public domain; they find a way to integrate it into the fabric of the community.
  23. These types often find that their sympathy and perceptive listening have been mistaken for an overture of friendship, which they didn’t intend.
  24. Because INFJs use Fe to relate to the outer would, they may seem more outgoing than they really are.
  25. They are not interested in the precision of language, as INTJs are, but in its rich possibilities for metaphor and multiple layers of meaning.
  26. Their intuition takes them into psychological areas that other types are likely to keep at bay.
  27. People appreciate their ability to listen and to consider group feelings and values.
  28. They are entirely capable of meeting the expected surface demands of a situation, all the while nursing secret criticisms of a partner or a friend.

35 Points about ENTP – Portrait and Description

35 Points Concerning the ENTP Personality Type
Click here to take a free MBTI test.

  1. All ETP types emphasize the value of personal freedom, and ENTPs are inclined to draw from their tertiary function, Extraverted Feeling, to disarm people before they’re able to exert control.
  2. Introverted Thinking gives ENTPs a sense of the ties that bind in the complex weave of life relationships.
  3. The full maturation of an ENTP usually depends on the type’s willingness to use Introverted Thinking for perspective on—as well as support for—the aims of dominant Intuition.
  4. ENTPs are aggressive, expansive, and opportunistic in the best sense of the word.
  5. For this reason, others can experience the ENTP as alternately seductive, impatient, and indifferent, and such types are not above intimidating; people with the mercurial nature of their mind.
  6. A self-disciplined ENTP is extremely attractive to others, because people sense the kind of power that has been harnessed to the task.
  7. ENTPs need to turn deliberately to their secondary function (Ti) in order to realize their full potential.
  8. ENTPs don’t always recognize their responsibility to the situations they’ve created and to the people who care about them.
  9. The thrill of being tested beyond their own resources is so pleasurable to ENTPs that they may take unnecessary chances simply for the opportunity to improvise and beat the odds.
  10. ENTPs may extend i beyond their own lifetime to change the way we understand reality.
  11. Introverted Sensation (Si) is the ENTP’s inferior function, and the type’s behaviors generally bear this out.
  12. When combined with Extraverted Intuition, Introverted Thinking can be highly cerebral, and it usually involves a complex imaginary pattern of relationships.
  13. ENTPs may be somewhat deficient in the Feeling and Sensate aspects of life.
  14. ENTPs are easily bored, and their attention span can be ruthlessly short.
  15. An ENTP salesperson might pull together a host of small details and recognize in one mental image how a customer is likely to respond to a product.
  16. ENTPs are not necessarily aware of others’ needs or weaknesses.
  17. ENTPs want the freedom to change their direction at any given moment.
  18. This may not be apparent right away, because ENTPs can relate with great charm in the pursuit of a goal that interests them.
  19. Extreme types can seem downright hypomanic or anti-social (research courtesy of CelebrityTypes.com) —unable to contain their own energy, intolerant, impulsive, full of passionate conviction, certain that ordinary rules don’t apply to their own behaviors.
  20. Once engaged, ENTPs are completely invested in their work— eating, sleeping, and dreaming their particular vision.
  21. ENTPs assume that everyone is as strong and self-assertive as they are and as capable of defending their own interests.
  22. ENTPs take chances by being mavericks.
  23. The ENTP’s disinterest in n hierarchy and ad displays of status can result in a disarmingly direct and unpretentious style of relating.
  24. A shipping clerk who had been talking to a famous ENTP scientist in the hall of a major research center was amazed to find out who his conversational partner had been. He didn’t speak like he was important at all!
  25. ENTPs can easily forget about their physical needs.
  26. In their self-motivation and hunger for experience, ENTPs are not unlike the ESTPs.
  27. ENTP politicians generally outline “wholistic” plans that paradoxically promise more localized control.
  28. They have real vitality, enjoy life, like to laugh, and relish socialization hat involves a freewheeling exchange of views and ideas.
  29. Like all Intuitives, they can be playful, but their sense of play is generally confrontational, and they may have a tendency to “test” people with a barrage of puns or bantering remarks.
  30. Unless they are discovering something new, pursuing a hunch, or acquiring another angle on a persistent question, they are likely to be restless and agitated.
  31. It tempers the type’s need to resist control by disarming others with charm and one-upmanship.
  32. It’s a rare ENTP who hasn’t thrown out the baby with the bath-water somewhere along the line.
  33. An ENTP’s curiosity, drive, and force of will are highly charismatic.
  34. They may feel manipulated and exploited by people who need too much from them.
  35. They recognize themselves as part of an ongoing process, and they keep adjusting their behaviors in terms of the whole picture.

INTJ – Portrait et description

Les INTJ vivent dans le monde des idées et des plans stratégiques. L’intelligence, la connaissance et la compétence ont une grande valeur à leurs yeux. Ils ont généralement dans ces domaines-là de hauts standards, qu’ils essaient sans cesse d’atteindre.

chess-pieces 2b Les INTJ concentrent leur énergie sur l’observation du monde et passent leur temps à trouver des idées et des possibilités. Leur esprit ne cesse de recueillir des informations et de faire des associations. Ils sont extrêmement judicieux et comprennent en général les nouvelles idées rapidement. Cependant, leur intérêt principal n’est pas de comprendre un concept donné, mais de l’appliquer d’une manière utile. Contrairement aux INTP, ils ne vont pas au fond des choses, ils cherchent uniquement à bien comprendre les idées. Leur objectif est de parvenir à des conclusions et leur besoin de classement et d’organisation les pousse bien souvent à agir.

La grande valeur que les INTJ donnent aux systèmes et à l’organisation et leur discernement naturel fait d’eux d’excellents scientifiques. Un INTJ scientifique donne un cadeau à la société en mettant ses idées sous une forme utile que les autres seront en mesure de suivre. Il n’est pas facile pour un INTJ d’exprimer ses images internes, ses perceptions et abstractions. La forme interne des pensées et concepts des INTJ est très personnalisée, et elle peut difficilement être traduite en une forme que les autres pourront comprendre. Au lieu de traduire directement leurs pensées, les INTJ seront  contraints de traduire leurs idées en une forme facilement explicable. Ils ne voient généralement pas l’utilité de traiter directement avec les gens et auront des difficultés à exprimer leurs idées. Cependant leur grande estime pour la connaissance et l’intelligence les motivera à s’expliquer face à une personne qu’ils jugeront être digne de leurs efforts.

Les INTJ sont des leaders naturels, même s’ils préfèrent généralement rester dans l’ombre jusqu’à ce qu’ils voient qu’ils y a une réelle nécessité à prendre les commandes. Lorsqu’ils sont dans le rôle du leader, ils sont assez efficaces, car ils sont en mesure de voir la réalité d’une situation d’une manière objective et ils font preuve d’assez de souplesse pour changer les choses qui ne marchent pas bien. Ils sont des stratèges suprêmes : cherchant constamment les idées et concepts disponibles et les comparant à leur stratégie actuelle, pour planifier chaque éventualité imaginable.

Les INTJ passent énormément  de temps plongés dans leurs pensées et ils s’intéressent en général peu aux pensées et aux idées  des autres. A moins que leur coté sensible soit développé, ils auront du mal à donner aux autres le niveau d’intimité qu’ils recherchent.

Les INTJ sont ambitieux, posés, ont confiance en eux, et sont des penseurs à long-terme. Beaucoup d’INTJ finissent dans le domaine de l’ingénierie ou dans la recherche scientifique, même si quelques-uns trouvent le monde des affaires assez stimulant, surtout dans les secteurs qui requièrent l’organisation et la planification stratégique. Ils détestent le désordre et l’inefficacité, et tout ce qui est confus et pas clair. Ils ont une grande estime pour la clarté et l’efficacité et mettront énormément d’énergie et de temps afin de consolider leurs idées en des modèles structurés.

Lorsqu’ils sont sous pression, les INTJ peuvent devenir obsédés par les activités sensorielles, répétitives et abrutissantes comme la surconsommation d’alcool. Ils auront aussi tendance à être absorbé par les petits détails qu’ils ne considéreraient normalement pas importants pour leur objectif global.

Les INTJ ont énormément d’aptitudes à accomplir de grandes choses. Ils ont la capacité de voir la situation dans son ensemble, et sont enclin à synthétiser leurs concepts en des plans d’actions solides. Leur capacité de raisonnement leur donne les moyens de le faire. Les INTJ sont la plupart du temps des gens très compétents et n’auront aucun problème à atteindre leurs objectifs de carrière ou d’éducation. Ils ont le potentiel pour faire de grandes avancées dans ces domaines là. Dans le plan personnel, l’INTJ qui pratique la tolérance et fait beaucoup d’efforts pour communiquer ces idées aux autres a toutes les chances de vivre une vie riche et gratifiante.

Retten til oprør

“…men den lovgivende magt er kun en magt som er betroet [til lovgiverne] til at handle for visse formål. Der er stadig i folket en suveræn magt til at fjerne eller ændre den lovgivende magt, når folket finder, at dens retsakter er i modsætning til den tillid, man havde tildelt dem.” – John Locke[i]

”Vi anser disse sandheder for selvindlysende: At alle mennesker er skabt lige, og at de af deres Skaber har fået visse umistelige rettigheder, heriblandt retten til liv, frihed og stræben efter lykke. For at sikre disse rettigheder er regeringer blevet oprettet blandt mennesker, hvis retfærdige magt hviler på de styredes samtykke, og når som helst nogen regeringsform bliver ødelæggende for disse formål, er det folkets ret at ændre eller ophæve den og at indsætte en ny regering…” – Den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring

”Gud forbyde, at vi nogensinde bør gå 20 år uden et … oprør … hvilket land kan bevare sine frihedsrettigheder hvis dets herskere ikke fra tid til anden advares om, at folket vil bevare ånden fra modstandskampen? Lad dem gribe til våben … Frihedens træ skal opfriskes fra tid til anden, med blodet fra patrioter og tyranner.” – Thomas Jefferson[ii]


[i] The Second Treatise of Civil Government §149

[ii] Brev til oberst William Smith, 13. november 1787, vedrørende Shays’ Rebellion

Socrates as Midwife

Plato’s Theaetetus, section 148e-151d, as translated by F. N. Cornford.
Written by Plato, ca. 257 B.C.

***

THEAETETUS: But I assure you Socrates, I have often set myself to study (the problem of defining knowledge) when I heard reports of the questions you ask. But I cannot persuade myself that I can give any satisfactory solution or that anyone has ever stated in my hearing the sort of answer you require. And yet I cannot get the question out of my mind.

SOCRATES: My dear Theaetetus, that is because your mind is not empty or barren. You are suffering the pains of travail.

THEAETETUS: I don’t know about that, Socrates. I am only telling you how I feel.

SOCRATES: How absurd of you, never to have heard that I am the son of a midwife, a fine buxom woman called Phaenarete!

THEAETETUS: I have heard that.

SOCRATES: Have you also been told that I practice the same art?

THEAETETUS: No, never.

SOCRATES: It is true, though, only don’t give away my secret. It is not known that I possess this skill; so the ignorant world describes me in other terms as an eccentric person who reduces people to hopeless perplexity. Have you been told that too?

THEAETETUS: I have.

SOCRATES: Shall I tell you the reason?

THEAETETUS: Please do.

SOCRATES: Consider, then, how it is with all midwives; that will help you to understand what I mean. I dare say you know that they never attend other women in childbirth so long as they themselves can conceive and bear children, but only when they are too old for that.

THEAETETUS: Of course.

SOCRATES: They say that is because Artemis, the patroness of childbirth, is herself childless, and so, while she did not allow barren women to be midwives, because it is beyond the power of human nature to achieve skill without any experience, she assigned the privilege to women who were past childbearing, out of respect to their likeness to herself.

THEAETETUS: That sounds likely.

SOCRATES: And it is more likely, is it not, that no one can tell so well as a midwife whether women are pregnant or not?

THEAETETUS: Assuredly.

SOCRATES: Moreover, with the drugs and incantations they administer, midwifes can either bring on the pains of travail or allay them at their will, make a difficult labor easy and at an early stage cause miscarriage if they so decide.

THEAETETUS: True.

SOCRATES: Have you also observed that they are the cleverest matchmakers, having an unerring skill in selecting a pair whose marriage will produce the best children?

THEAETETUS: I was not aware of that.

SOCRATES: Well, you may be sure they pride themselves on that more than on cutting the umbilical cord. Consider the knowledge of the sort of plant of seed that should be sown in any given soul. Does not that go together with skill in tending and harvesting the fruits of the earth? They are not two different arts?

THEAETETUS: No, the same.

SOCRATES: And so with a woman; skill in the sowing is not be separated from skill in the harvesting?

THEAETETUS: Probably not.

SOCRATES: No. Only because there is that wrong and ignorant way of bringing together man and woman which they call pandering, midwives, out of self-respect, are shy even of matchmaking, for fear of falling under the accusation of pandering. Yet the genuine midwife is the only successful matchmaker.

THEAETETUS: That is clear.

SOCRATES: All this, then lies within the midwife’s province, but her performance falls short of mine. It is not the way of women sometimes to bring forth real children, sometimes mere phantoms, such that it is hard to tell the one from the other. If it were so, the highest and noblest task of the midwife would be to discern the real from the unreal, would it not?

THEAETETUS: I agree.

SOCRATES: My art of midwifery is in general like theirs; the only difference is that my patients are men, not women, and my concern is not with the body but with the soul that is in travail of birth. And the highest point of my art is the power to prove by every test whether the offspring of a young man’s thought is a false phantom, or instinct with life and truth. I am so far like the midwife that I cannot myself give birth to wisdom, and the common reproach is true, that, though I question others, I can myself bring nothing to light because there is no wisdom in me.

The reason is this. Heaven constrains me to serve as a midwife, but has debarred me from giving birth. So of myself I have no sort of wisdom, nor has any discovery ever been born to me as the child unintelligent, but, as we go further with our discussions, all who are favored by heaven make progress at a rate that seems surprising to others as well as to themselves, although it is clear that they have never learned anything from me. The many admirable truths they bring to birth have been discovered by themselves from within. But the delivery is heaven’s work and mine.

The proof of this is that many who have not been conscious of my assistance but have made light of me, thinking it was all their own doing, have left me sooner than they should, whether under others’ influence or of their own motion, and thenceforward suffered miscarriage of their thoughts through falling into bad company, and they have lost the children of whom I had delivered them by bringing them up badly, caring more for false phantoms than for the true. And so at last their lack of understanding has become apparent to themselves and to everyone else. Such a one was Aristides, son of Lysimachus, and there have been many more. When they come back and beg for a renewal of our intercourse with extravagant protestations, sometimes the divine warning that comes to me forbids it; with others it is permitted, and these begin again to make progress.

In yet another way those who seek my company have the same experience as a woman with child; they suffer the pains of labor and, by night and day, are full of distress far greater than a woman’s, and my art has power to bring on those pangs or to allay them. So it fares with these, but there are some, Theaetetus, whose minds, as I judge, have never conceived at all. I see that they have no need of me and with all good will I seek a match for them. Without boasting unduly I can guess pretty well whose society will profit them. I have arranged many of these matches with Prodicus, and with other men of inspired sagacity.

And now for the upshot of this long discourse of mine. I suspect that, as you yourself believe, your mind is in labor with some thought it has conceived. Accept then, the ministration of a midwife’s son who himself practices his mother’s art, and do the best you can to answer the questions I ask. Perhaps when I examine your statements I may judge one or another of them to be an unreal phantom.

If I then take the abortion from you and cast it away, do not be savage with me like a woman robbed of her first child. People have often felt like that toward me and been positively ready to bite me for taking away some foolish notion they have conceived. They do not see that I am doing them a kindness. They have not learned that no divinity is ever ill-disposed toward man, nor is such action on my part due to unkindness; it is only that I am not permitted to acquiesce in falsehood and suppress the truth.

So, Theaetetus, start again and try to explain what knowledge is. Never say it is beyond your power; it will not be so, if heaven wills and you take courage.